Instrumen Penilaian Nyeri pada Anak dengan Gangguan Kognitif: A Literatute Review
Abstrak
Introduction: Difficulty in assessing pain in someone who cannot express the pain they feel, for example in children with cognitive impairment, provides a significant obstacle in pain management. The purpose of this study is to review the literature containing pain assessment instruments in children with cognitive impairment and to discuss instruments that can be applied effectively and have clinical use.
Method: Search for English articles in the Medline, Cinahl, and PubMed databases, and is limited from 1990 to 2013. Through keywords according to topic and obtained 5 articles that were reviewed.
Result : Pain assessment in children with cognitive impairment can be done through rFLACC, NCCPC-PV, NCCPC-R and NAPI. rFLACC is the most effective instrument and has great clinical utility with ICC : 0.73-0.9).
Analysis: rFLACC assesses 5 indicators (face expression, leg, activity, cry & consoability) that are simpler and easier to apply to all children with cognitive impairment at all levels.
Discussion: Elective postoperative pain assessment in clinical settings in children with cognitive impairment can be performed with rFLACC. In an effort to increase the reliability of the instrument, the improvement of leg items and activities can be the basis for further research.
Referensi
Breau LM, Finley GA, McGrath PJ, Camfield CS. (2002). Validation of the Non-communicating Children’s Pain Checklist – Postoperative Version. Journal of Anesthesiology, 96, 528–35. Diakses tanggal 26 Mei 2013, dari PubMed database
McGrath PJ, Rosmus C, Camfield C, Campbell MA, Hennigar AW. (1998). Behaviours caregivers use to determine pain in non-verbal, cognitively mpaired individuals. Journal of Developmental Medicine and child Neurology, 40, 340–343. Diakses tanggal 6 Juni 2013, dari Cinahl database
Schade JG, Joyce BA, Gerkensmeyer J, Keck JF. (1996). Comparison of three preverbal scales for postoperative pain assessment in a diverse pediatric sample. Journal of Pain Symptom Management, 12, 348–59. Diakses tanggal 4 Juni 2013, dari PubMed database
Breau LM, McGrath PJ, Camfield CS et al.(2002). Psychometric properties of the non-communicating children’s pain checklistrevised. Journal of Pain, 99, 349–357. Diakses tanggal 29 Mei 2013, dari Web of Science database.
Johansson et al. (2010). Validity and reliability of a Swedish version of the Non-Communicating Children’s Pain Checklist – Postoperative Version. Journal of Acta Pædiatrica, 99, 929–933. Diakses tanggal 26 Mei 2013, dari PubMed database.
Solodiuk J, Curley MA. (2003). Pain assessment in nonverbal children with severe cognitive impairments: the Individualized Numeric Rating Scale (INRS). Journal of Pediatric Nursing,18, 295–9. Diakses tanggal 29 Mei 2013, dari MEDLINE database.
Arif-Rahu, Fisher, and Matsuda. (2012). Biobehavioral Measures for Pain in the Pediatric Patient. Journal of Pain Management Nursing,13,157-168. Diakses tanggal 4 Juni 2013, dari MEDLINE database.
Herr, K., Coyne, P. J., Key, T., Manworren, R., McCaffery, M., Merkel, S., Pelosi-Kelly, J., & Wild, L. (2006). Pain assessment in the nonverbal patient: Position statement with clinical practice recommendations. Journal of Pain Management Nursing, 7(2), 44–52.Diakses tanggal 4 Juni 2013, dari database PubMed.
Kankunen P, Janis P, Vehvilainen. (2010). Pain Assessment Among Non-Communicating Intellectually Disabled People Described by Nursing Staff. The Open Nursing Journal, 4, 55-59. Diakses tanggal 4 Juni 2013, dari database PubMed.
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations Pain Standards for . 2001. http://www.jcaho.org/standard/pm. html. Diakses tanggal 4 Juni 2013
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